BCP Evidence for Inflammation and entourage effect
Scientific Evidence: Beta-caryophyllene is a natural terpene that exists in the cannabis and hemp plants as well as in other common plants (eg. Cloves and black pepper). It is known to work directly on cannabinoid CB2 receptors to help decrease inflammation synergistically with cannabinoids such as THC and CBD (sometimes described as the “entourage” effect). known to have effects at the molecular level to help control pain through cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the body.
Clinical and Scientific Evidence References:
Sari Goldstein Ferber,1,3 Dvora Namdar,2 Danielle Hen-Shoval,1,3 Gilad Eger,4,5 Hinanit Koltai,2 Gal Shoval,4,5,* Liat Shbiro,4 and Aron Weller1,The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders, Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020 Feb; 18(2): 87–96.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31481004/
Scandiffio R et al. Protective Effects of (E)–Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3273.
CBDA Evidence for Anxiety
Scientific Evidence: CBD and its natural acid form CBDA are known to have effects at the molecular level to help control pain anxiety by acting and increasing the sensitivity of serotonin 5 HT1a receptors. These receptors play a key role in helping to manage anxiety as well as nausea and vomiting.
Clinical and Scientific Evidence References:
Bolognini D et al. Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation. Brit J Pharmacol 2013;168 1456-70.
CBD Evidence for Anxiety and PTSD
Clinical Evidence: There are a number of clinical trials showing reduction of social anxiety disorder and reversal of THC induced anxiety with CBD containing products. CBD is non-sedating and not addictive, unlike many other products used to control anxiety (eg. benzodiazepines such as diazepam, lorazepam, etc).
Scientific Evidence: CBD and its natural acid form CBDA are known to have effects at the molecular level to help control pain anxiety by acting and increasing the sensitivity of serotonin 5 HT1a receptors. These receptors play a key role in helping to manage anxiety as well as nausea and vomiting.
Clinical and Scientific Evidence References:
Bergamaschi et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1219–1226.
Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2015 Oct;12(4):825-36.
Campos et al. Involvement of serotonin-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter on cannabidiol chronic effects in panic-like responses in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Mar;226(1):13-24.
Das et al. Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2013 Apr;226(4):781-92.
Guimaraes et al. Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 100:558–559 (1990)
Katsidoni et al. Cannabidiol inhibits the reward-facilitating effect of morphine: involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Addict Biol. 2013;18(2):286–96.
Lemos et al. Involvement of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex on cannabidiol-induced attenuation of contextual conditioned fear in rats. Behav Brain Res 207:105–111(2010).
NASEM. The health effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. 2017.
NIH. National Institute on Drug Abuse. The Biology and Potential Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol.
https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol (accessed 24 June 2021).
WHO. Cannabidiol (CBD) Critical review report. 2018.
CBD Evidence for Localized Pain and Inflammation
Scientific Evidence: CBD when administered topically has shown to rapidly decrease inflammation in experimental animal models. This reduction in inflammation results in a decrease correlated reduction in pain.
Clinical and Scientific Evidence References:
Baswan SM et al. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Skin Health and Disorders. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2020;13:927–42.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33335413/
Hammell DC et al. Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. Eur J Pain 20 2016;936—48.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26517407/
Lodzki M et al. Cannabidiol-transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model. J Control Release 2003;93(3):377-87.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14644587/